37. Financial risk management

As an international company, the Lenzing Group is exposed to financial and other market risks. A company-wide risk management system, which is regulated comprehensively in guidelines, has been implemented to identify and assess potential risks at an early stage. This system is designed to achieve maximum risk transparency and provide high-quality information by quantifying all risk categories, with a particular emphasis on risk concentration. The efficiency of group-wide risk management is evaluated and monitored on an ongoing basis by both the internal control system (ICS) and the internal audit department.

The financial risks arising from financial instruments – credit risk, liquidity risk, currency risk (above all with regard to the BRL, CNY, CZK, HKD, IDR, THB and USD), commodity price risk and interest rate risk – are classified as relevant risks for the Lenzing Group. Corresponding hedging measures are used to minimize these risks wherever possible.

Credit risk

Credit risk represents the risk of asset losses that may result from the failure of individual business partners to meet their contractual obligations. The credit risk from transactions involving the provision of goods and services (in particular, trade receivables) is secured in part by credit insurance and bank security (guarantees, letters of credit, bills of exchange etc.). Outstanding receivables and customer limits are monitored on an ongoing basis. The credit risk from investments at banks (particularly cash and cash equivalents) and derivatives with positive market values is reduced by ensuring that transactions are only concluded with counterparties with good credit ratings, and that investment limits are defined and continuously monitored for these banks.

Receivables are measured individually. Individual bad debt provisions are recognized for receivables if there are indications of credit impairment (individual measurement) and if they are not expected to be collectible in full. This applies especially when the debtor has significant financial difficulties, is in default or has delayed payments or when there is an increased probability that the debtor will enter bankruptcy, and the involved receivable is not sufficiently collateralized. The expected loss is low because of the Lenzing Group’s comprehensive receivables management (extensive collateralization with credit insurance and bankable security as well as continuous monitoring of accounts receivable and customer limits).

To determine the required impairment for trade receivables for which no individual bad debt provisions were recognized, the defaults of the past years were evaluated in the Lenzing Group. The analysis has shown that there is only an immaterial risk for receivables overdue for a certain period.

The loss ratios are based on historical default rates of the last ten years, whereby a distinction is drawn between companies and overdue periods. The default rates were multiplied by a macroeconomic factor weighted by geographical area in order to reflect the economic conditions over the expected term of the receivables.

For originated loans and other financial assets (current and non-current), which are measured at amortized cost, as well as cash and cash equivalents, the calculation of impairment is based on the average default rates. The impairment is based on the default rate per rating for the respective financial instrument. A significant change in credit risk is identified based on the rating and default of payment. Regarding instruments with a low credit risk, the Lenzing Group assumes that the credit risk has not increased significantly since the first recognition. Consequently, the twelve-month credit loss is always recognized for such instruments. Since the expected impairment is immaterial, no expected credit loss is recorded for these financial assets.

Due to the insolvency filing by Kelheim Fibres GmbH (KFG), a wholly owned subsidiary of EFB, in the 2024 financial year, there was an increased risk of default on receivables from these companies. In the 2025 financial year, an increased risk of default no longer existed in the 2025 financial year, as a final distribution of the outstanding receivables was made.

Trade receivables are considered defaulted when they are overdue for more than 270 days or when it is unlikely that the debtor can meet the obligations without the realization of collateral. This long period is due to the fact that around 90 percent of trade receivables are secured by credit insurance or bank collateral (guarantees, letters of credit, bills of exchange, etc.).

Financial assets are only derecognized directly if the contractual rights to payments cease to exist (particularly in the event of bankruptcy). An impairment loss is reversed up to amortized cost if the reasons for its recognition no longer exist.

The Group considers the risk concentration in trade receivables to be rather low because its customers are based in various countries, operate in different sectors and are active on largely independent markets. A rather small amount of the receivables is overdue and not individually impaired (see table “aging of receivables” below). Important effects for a change in bad debt provisions include possible default of payment by major customers or a general increase of receivables at the reporting date. During the 2025 financial year there was no significant increase in defaults.

The bad debt provisions developed as follows:

The bad debt provisions for trade receivables include bad debt provisions of EUR 0 thousand (December 31, 2024: EUR 950 thousand) for companies accounted for using the equity method. Impairment losses on loans include allowances for companies accounted for using the equity method and their subsidiaries in the amount of EUR 5,000 thousand (December 31, 2024: EUR 5,000 thousand).

The bad debt provisions for trade receivables are related primarily to bad debt provisions for overdue, uninsured receivables.

The age structure of the financial receivables is as follows:

Securities in the scope of the impairment rules of IFRS 9 as well as cash and cash equivalents have a rating between AAA and BBB.

There are currently no doubts concerning the collectability of financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired.

The maximum exposure to credit risk from recognized financial assets is as follows:

The maximum exposure to credit risk from financial guarantee contracts and contingent liabilities is shown in note 40.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk represents the risk of not being able to obtain sufficient funds to settle incurred liabilities at all times. The management of liquidity risk has a high priority in the Lenzing Group. Corporate guidelines require uniform, proactive liquidity planning and medium-term planning throughout the entire Group. Ensuring solvency for current and future obligations at all times comprises a key objective of the Lenzing Group’s risk management activities. For this reason, the risk of a potential liquidity shortfall is monitored constantly.

To secure short and medium-term liquidity, a reserve is held in the form of bank balances and unutilized credit lines at banks. If necessary, surplus liquid funds are invested in non-speculative, highly liquid financial instruments. These are mainly overnight money, fixed-term deposits and money market securities, which generally have a term of less than three months.

Liquidity risks are determined by rolling liquidity planning conducted throughout the Group. On the basis of the results of rolling liquidity planning and medium-term planning, appropriate financing and capital measures are planned and implemented at an early stage.

The Lenzing Group’s refinancing options are determined by numerous financial, macroeconomic and other factors, which the Lenzing Group management takes into consideration as part of its short- and medium-term liquidity management.

The original loan agreements, which were concluded for the construction of the pulp mill in Brazil, were repaid in full in the fourth quarter of 2024. A loan agreement was concluded with banks, and a bond was issued for refinancing purposes (see note 28). The bond was issued by LD Celulose International GmbH, Vienna a wholly owned subsidiary of LD Celulose S.A., Indianópolis, Brazil. The loan is repayable in tranches until October 2029 and the bond matures in January 2032. As at December 31, 2025 the loan has a carrying amount of EUR 240,389 thousand (December 31, 2024: EUR 313,909 thousand) and contains a financial covenant at company level only, which relates to financial and liquidity ratios. This covenant is tested on a quarterly basis and may trigger a repayment obligation in relation to the financial liabilities in the event of non-compliance. The financial covenant stipulates that the total net debt of LD Celulose S.A., Indianópolis, Brazil and of LD Florestal S.A., Indianópolis, Brazil may not exceed a certain level of the total adjusted EBITDA of these companies as of each quarter-end (net leverage). This financial covenant is continuously monitored by both the company’s local treasury function and the Corporate Treasury function. The relevant ratios were complied with in the 2025 financial year.

The syndicated loan agreement concluded in May 2025 has a carrying amount of EUR 355,000 thousand as at December 31, 2025. It contains three financial covenants relating to financial and liquidity ratios. These financial covenants are tested on a quarterly basis and may, if breached, trigger an obligation to repay the financial liabilities. The financial covenants include net leverage (net financial debt including lease liabilities/EBITDA), the interest coverage ratio (EBITDA/interest expenses), and minimum liquidity ratios. These metrics are continuously monitored by the Corporate Treasury.

The Lenzing Group expects that the aforementioned entities will comply with the covenants for at least 12 months after the reporting date.

The Lenzing Group had liquid assets totaling EUR 690,906 thousand (December 31, 2024: EUR 451,681 thousand) in the form of cash and cash equivalents including liquid bills of exchange as at the balance sheet date (see note 34). Unused credit facilities of EUR 219,103 thousand were available as at December 31, 2025 (December 31, 2024: EUR 198,075 thousand), thereof 92% (2024: 70%) in Europe and 8% (2024: 30%) in Asia to finance necessary working capital and to cover any shortfalls caused by economic cycles. Of the unused lines of credit as of December 31, 2025, an amount of EUR 190,000 thousand (December 31, 2024: EUR 0 thousand) has a term until May 2028, to which the aforementioned financial covenants from the syndicated loan agreement concluded in May 2025 apply. The medium- and long-term financing for the Lenzing Group is provided by equity (incl. hybrid capital) and loans and borrowings, in particular bonds, private placements and bank loans. Current financial liabilities can regularly be extended or refinanced with other lenders. Trade payables provide short-term financing for the goods and services purchased. The liabilities covered by supplier finance agreements are settled in line with their agreed maturity, whereby the related cash outflows are included in liquidity planning. In connection with these programs, liquidity risks exist with regard to the concentration on a small number of business partners. Should the factor therefore terminate the program at short notice, this would have an impact on liquidity planning and, if necessary, result in an increase in financing requirements. Cash inflows for trade receivables covered by factoring agreements are included in liquidity planning.

The contractually agreed (undiscounted) interest and principal payments for primary financial liabilities (including financial guarantee contracts) are shown below:

The above tables include all primary financial liabilities held at the reporting date but exclude estimated future liabilities. Foreign currency amounts were translated with the spot exchange rate in effect at the reporting date. Floating rate interest payments were calculated on the basis of the last interest rates set before the reporting date. Financial liabilities that are repayable at any time are always assigned to the earliest time period.

The contractually agreed (undiscounted) interest and principal payments for derivative financial instruments are as follows:

Currency risk

Cash flows from capital expenditures and the operating business as well as investments and financing in foreign currencies expose the member companies of the Lenzing Group to currency risks. Risks arising from foreign currencies are partially hedged to the extent that they affect the Group’s cash flows. In the operating business, the individual group companies are exposed to currency risk in connection with planned incoming and outgoing payments which are not denominated in their functional currency. Forward foreign exchange contracts, which are recognized at fair value, are used to hedge the exchange rate risk from foreign currency positions arising from expected future transactions in foreign currencies by group companies.

For companies with the same functional currency, the respective net foreign currency exposures are calculated for the following sales year as part of the budgeting process. Foreign currency purchases and sales are aggregated into separate groups for each currency. Approximately 49 percent of the budgeted net exposure for the following financial year was hedged for USD/BRL, the dominant currency pair in the Lenzing Group, as at December 31, 2025 (December 31, 2024: USD/BRL approximately 45 percent). The CNY also plays an important role. The resulting risk concentration at the reporting date can be seen in the following tables (especially the tables on “sensitivity analysis and risk exposure for foreign currency risks”).

Translation risk is also regularly assessed and monitored at the Group level. Translation risk represents the risk arising from the consolidation of foreign investments whose functional currency is not the euro. The greatest risk exposure here is in relation to the US dollar.

Commodity risk

In addition to physical purchase contracts, the Lenzing Group deploys derivative financial instruments in order to hedge against gas price risks (see note 35). The Group uses OTC gas swaps as cash flow hedges to manage gas price risks. The hedging strategies are determined based on the planned gas consumption figures in the relevant currency and are compared with the current market prices on a monthly basis (“mark to market” assessment). The Lenzing Group is exposed to accounting-related price risks because of the gas swaps. These risks particularly relate to the possibility that fair value measurement of the gas swaps may result in a negative impact on other comprehensive income/equity in the event of an adverse change in market prices.

The Group is subject to the usual market price risks in connection with its business activities (especially relating to wood, chemicals, pulp and energy) which are not hedged with derivatives or financial instruments, but are protected through other measures (above all, long-term and short-term supply contracts with various suppliers). The Lenzing Group has concluded several long-term power purchase agreements for electricity generated from renewable energy sources in order to achieve its climate targets and hedge against fluctuating prices. The term amounts to 15 to 30 years. The contracted volume from 2026 onwards amounts to around 56 gigawatt hours. A fixed price was agreed for a significant part of the volume. Some of the electricity purchase agreements are leases where the payments are entirely variable and are consequently included in the variable lease payments (see note 20). The so-called “Own Use Exemption” is applied to the other part of the electricity purchase agreements. Provisions must be made for any contingent losses.

Interest rate risk

The Lenzing Group is exposed to interest rate risk through its business-related financing and investing activities. Interest rate risks arise through potential changes in the market interest rate. They can lead to a change in the fair value of fixed rate financial instruments and to fluctuations in the cash flows from interest payments for floating rate financial instruments. Interest rate risks and the resulting risk concentrations are managed by monitoring and adjusting the composition of fixed rate and floating rate primary financial instruments on an ongoing basis and by the selective use of derivative financial instruments. The level of the resulting risk concentration as at the reporting date is presented in the following tables (see section “Sensitivity analysis and exposure for interest rate risks”).

Sensitivity analysis and exposure for currency risks

The Lenzing Group uses the following assumptions for its sensitivity analysis:

• The sensitivity of profit or loss is based on the receivables and liabilities recognized by the group companies which are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the relevant company and the open derivatives from cash flow hedges for currency risks in cases where the hedged item was already recognized in profit or loss as at the reporting date. The carrying amounts of the receivables and liabilities, respectively the nominal values of the derivatives, correspond to the exposure. The individual exposures are presented consistently in relation to the US dollar and euro for the aggregation to the Group’s exposure.

• The sensitivity of other comprehensive income as at the reporting date is based on the open derivatives from cash flow hedges for currency risks in cases where the hedged item has not yet been recognized in profit or loss. The nominal value of the open derivatives corresponds to the exposure.

The following tables show the sensitivities and exposure for currency risk as at the reporting dates:

Sensitivity analysis and exposure for commodity price risks

Sensitivity analyses are performed for the price change risk from gas swaps. They show the effects of hypothetical changes in gas prices on profit or loss/other comprehensive income/equity.

The Lenzing Group uses the following assumptions in its analysis:

• Open derivatives from cash flow hedges for commodity price risks as at the reporting date are used as the basis for the sensitivity.

• The exposure corresponds to the nominal values of the derivatives (not including the hedged items). In economic terms, the derivatives are used to hedge physical hedged items that will impact profit or loss in subsequent periods, meaning that from an economic perspective there is no risk exposure in combination with the hedged items.

If the market price level for gas had been 10% higher/lower as at December 31, 2025, this would have changed other comprehensive income (after tax) by plus/minus EUR 800 thousand (December 31, 2024: plus/minus EUR 1,520 thousand).

Sensitivity analysis and exposure for interest rate risks

The following tables show the exposure for interest rate risks at the reporting dates in the form of the carrying amounts of interest-bearing primary financial instruments:

Sensitivity analyses are performed for the interest rate risks arising from floating rate financial instruments and from the fluctuation in the market values of cash flow hedge derivatives. They show the effects of hypothetical changes in interest rates on profit or loss, other comprehensive income and equity.

The Lenzing Group uses the following assumptions in its analysis of the interest rate risk arising from floating rate financial instruments:

• The sensitivity analysis includes all floating rate primary and derivative financial instruments as at the reporting date.

• The exposure corresponds to the carrying amount of the floating rate financial instruments.

The sensitivities and exposure for the interest rate risks arising from floating rate financial instruments are as follows as at the reporting dates:

The Lenzing Group bases the sensitivity analysis for the interest rate risk from the fluctuation in market values of cash flow hedge derivatives for interest rate risks on the following assumptions:

• The sensitivity of other comprehensive income as at the reporting date is based on the open derivatives from cash flow hedges for interest rate risks in cases where the hedged item has not yet been recognized in profit or loss.

• The exposure corresponds to the nominal value of the derivative in the amount of EUR 100,000 thousand (December 31, 2024: EUR 100,000 thousand).

An increase in the interest rate level by 1 percentage point would lead to an increase in other comprehensive income (after taxes) of EUR 1,006 thousand (December 31, 2024: EUR 1,730 thousand). A decrease in the interest rate level by 1 percentage point would lead to a reduction in other comprehensive income (after taxes) of EUR 1,006 thousand (December 31, 2024: EUR 1,729 thousand). The interest rate sensitivity has no effect on profit or loss, as the measurement of interest rate derivatives is recognized in the hedging reserve with no effect on profit or loss.

Additional information on financial risk management and financial instruments is provided in the risk report of the Lenzing Group’s management report as at December 31, 2025.